information system

System:

“a system is a group of elements that are integrated with the common purpose of achieving an objective.”

explanation :

• in order to get desired output,the element must properly integrate with one another collectively like in case of computer system.
• We have to gather elements that interact to give output.

Information system:

• in case of information system we have to need utilize the organized data and information in getting required results.

Example:

sales and purchase system etc

components of a system:\

following are important components are:

• input elements :

raw data input to the computer system.

• Process:

computation, analysis,application of any model

• output elements:

results of computation or analysis.

• Control mechanism:

comparison of actual with expected

• feedback system:

corrective action

• objectives:

expected/ideal output

components of developing a system:

for developing a new system we must give input elements as raw data for a computerized process

• then this processed data delivered into useful information for a meaningful result as output.
• Different system that are required for deployment system such as purchase or sales system etc
• when a system is deployed ,these are some flaws or errors left in deployed system and these flaws are removed after deployment.
• For running a perfect deployment system
  after computerized the raw data into an ideal output, we must collect meaningful information according to the relevant Information of those deployment system which are deployed
• and also we must need to remove flaws for developing a correct and accurate a new system

types of system:

open loop system:

• in open loop system,we only need the components of input,process and output.
• but does not need to controlling or management and feedback process.

Example:

• An information system that automatically generate report on regular basis but are not used to monitor input or activities
• product code of those product which is unique.

Close-loop system:

in close-loop system the components involved the desired and achieving output as following

• input
• process
• output
• feedback
• controlling

example:

system of finance like auditing budget system etc

• we have to check the either expenses that are equal to income or not.
• it means demands and supply are directly proportional so expenses income must be equal to ensure your progress in business as well

open systems is that system which is effecting the environment or that is effected by environment

e.g

computerized system of a manufacturing entity

,that takes influence from the society etc

closed systems is one which is not effected by environment or does not effect the environment

e.g

an information system design to control data in a research laboratory is a closed system etc

level of planing:

1-strategic..(long term objectives)

“is the formulation,evalaution and selection of strategies for the purpose of preparing a long term plan of action to attain objectives”

explanation:

to achieve the main objectives such as to earn profit,to achieve goals and to get success of any organization

• we must set these objectives according to the organizational's stategic planing.
• We plan about strategies for long term to achieving our objectives and goals

example:

different strategies are defines which includes like mounthly,daily and half easy strategies,then after organizing all of them ,we get information about the worth of work.

2-tactical/functional planing:
(long/short term objectives)

it is the process by which the managers assure the resources are obtained and used effectively and efficiently in the accomplisment of the organization's objectives.

explanation:

commitment by firm's excutives requires the strategic planing for the following functional areas:

• manufacturing resource
• financial resource
• marketing resource
• human resource
• information resource

example:

if you decide one of the best ways to reach your target consumer is TV advertising, then the tactical plan needs to carefully spell out the specifics of the TV campaign.

operational planing(short term):

“the operational level is concerned with performing day to day business transaction of organization”

explanation:

• this level of management users at inches cashiers ,at a point of sale,nurses in a hospital, bank tellers ,care staff,customers etc
• when we work to accompblish our routine goals, then for that planing we must plan for short term objectives achieving

example:

in daily routine duties if you work in a mobile

franchise you have to show up your workly performance to your boss

attrributes of information system/computerized based information system:

define:

the term IS and CBIS with the extensive use of computers in almost every field renders it inevitable to think of an IS as CBIS.

Attribute:

there are following attributes to fillfull the requirements of information system are :

large storage capacity and instant access:

• to store or to processing any information there must have more capacity.
• Not have to ] face any problem or limitation problem during the storage processing
• it must be able for storage of large amount of data and does not show storage failure
• no limited storage that should be a hurdle in saving large amounts of data
• instant access to right chunk of information presented in comprehensible format
• all of above requirements are easy to handle when a well structured information is in place

reduced information load:

• information load must be less in any transaction
• in order to process any information its burden as input must be less ,so you donot to face any problem during the execution of any data.
• Your pc/server must have a good capacity to deal with data and also help to the display any result of data within a minimum time.

Example:

with such huge amounts of information available,managers can feel overloaded,hence taking more time in decision making.CBIS help to tailor loads of information with respect to every managers'requirements.the way information is presented can also save time for decision making.hence report formats can be tailored in accordance with the nature of being problem faced.

Cross functional boundaries:

• through this process different organization must have interaction within each other.
• An organization must be able to deal with all departments within the following various network links or functions that need to be managed:

1. manufacturing .
2. Purchasing.
3. Warehousing.
4. Marketing.
5. Account.
6. Finance.
7. Human resource etc

• in every transaction,every department has its own shares of responsibility.
• CBIS help in keeping an updated record for easy access by every department in an organization.

Example: a customer order is received by marketing dept .record for customer profitability and recovery pattern are also kept by sales department.

Competitive tools:

• business invest to earn profits or for other non profit based objectives.
• There seems no point in pouring in Co.'s hard earned money on IS if they donot add to the qaulity and value of information
• hence CBIS can and should work to enhance the competitive advantage for the organization.

Example:

in antivirus deployment company,where antivirus are deployed in this case if you purchase antivirus at coporate level you give licesence to only few employees and remaining must purchase it

E-document management/paperless boundaries:

• you donot need to maintain or manage the paper work of your project.
• as in paper you cannot need or to update your important records that have been wasted after some time.
• But with the help of e-document management system you are free from paper burden and you can easily use IS for handling your records and other data and information for your project.
  Eg:

payment made via electronic payment system

In order to build or design a company you must have an idea about how many employees,mangers or BODs will handle it.

In order to carry informationfrom one to another place you will need different hardwares and softwares etc

you can also need to build networks and database like sql,oracle,ms acc etc in case of sharing the information betweeen various companies.

• In order to handle all of these attributes a person or more than one experts will be handling the information system.

Organizational information system:

define:(OIS)

• information system is a set of components that work together to manage data processing and storage
• its role is to support the key aspects of running an organization such as communication,record keeping,decision making ,data analysis and more

• an information system effectively requires an understanding of the organization,management and the system technology shaping the systems.
• An Information systems creates value for the firm as an organizational and management solution to challenges posed by the environment.

OIS:

the term OIS views organization as a combination of process oriented groups whose information are needs to related but independent.

OIS Organization

marketing IS marketing dept/ * functions

manufacturing IS manufacturing

dept/function

financial IS finance

dept/function

HR IS HR

dept/function

IR IS IR/IT

dept/function

marketing information system:

MKIS is a type of IS that helps the firm to achieve the following objectives:

• identification of customers for firm's products and services.
• Development of those products and services to meet the customer's needs.
• Promotion of products and services.
• Provision of after customer support.

levels of MKIS:

1. strategic level:

• formulation of new sales products and identifying new sales opportunities.
• Planing support for new services and products.
• Monitoring competitors.

2. knowledge level:

• market analysis based on demographics and customer behavior

3. management level:

• sales performance analysis is required to monitor how to enhance sales and address related issues.
• Sales staff analysis is important to see how much the portion of sales has been contributed by each of the employees

4. operational level:

• taking comments from customers for measuring the satisfaction is a responsibility of the manger level.
• Tracking sales,processing orders and customer support.

Dimensions of MKIS:

customer relationship management:

is a technology for managing all your company's relationships and interactions within the customers and the potential customers

explanation:

it's system helps the companies stay connected to customers streamline processes and improve profitability.

Example:

include marketing,sales customer service and support.

sales force automation:

is an information system used in CRM marketing and management that helps to automate the some sales and sales forces management function

feature:

customer can actually model the product to meet their needs via customization.

Steps in SFA:

recruiting.

Selecting.

Training.

Compensating.

Super vision.

Sales people

call centers:

• that refers to a department within a company or a third party organization that handle telephone sales or service.
• Call centers use automatic call distributors (ACD's) to route call to the appropriate agent.
• In addition to a call center , collective handling of letters ,faxes , and e-mails at one location is known as contact center.
• It should have direct access to every customer's track records.

KSS/intelligent system:

knowledge: awareness and understanding is set of information and the ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or to reach a decision.

Define:

knowledge support system is also known as intelligent system the reason is that one knowledge system is up and running

Explanation:

• it also enable the non-experts to perform the task previously done by experts.
• Artificial intelligent: such machine that running or acts like human beings ,which also makes decision making as well.
• The knowledge based application of artificial intelligent have enhanced productivity in business,science,engineering and the military.
• The amounts to automation decision making process:

i.e.

system runs independently of the person making decisions.

Type:

the most popular type of intelligent system is expert system

expert system:

“ is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledge of human experts.”

explanation:

• it simulates the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field.

Examples:

are:

• medical diagnosis.
• Equipment repair.
• Investment analysis.
• Financial state and insurance planing.
• Vehicle routing.
• Contract bidding.

Components of an ES:

there four following components are:

user interface: enable the manager to enter instructions and information into an expert system to receive information from it.

Knowledge base: it is the database of the expert system. it contains rules to express the logic of problem.

Inference engine:it is the database management system of the expert system. It perform reasoning by using the contents of the knowledge base.

Development engine:it is used to create an expert system.

Support system/:

these are various support system that are used in an organization like that OAS and DSS.

Types

office automation system:

• OAS includes the formal and informal electronic systems.
• Within an organization it helps in making different reports and presentations.
• We use different types of software to present these reports and presentation like MS-word,MS-office and sheet etc.
• MS-office plays a vital role in caring out each and every tasks effectively.

For instance:

• word processing.
• Desktop publishing.
• Image and web publishing.
• Electronic calendars.
• Emails
• audio and video conferencing.

Decision support system:

“an integrated man machine system for providing information to support the operations , management and decision making functions in an organization”

features:

robustness.

Ease of control.

Simplicity.

Comprehensive/completeness.

Components of DSS:

DSS database:collection of current and historical data from internal external sources that are available from data warehouse

DSS software: is a set of software tools used for data analysis :

for instance

• OLAP
• Data mining tools
• models

Types of DSS:

1.model driven DSS:

that classified on basis of model which we do not need any data for output.

What-if analysis:

attempt to check the impact of a changes in the assumptions on the proposed solution.

e.g:

what will happen to the market share if the advertising budget increases by 5% or10% ?.

Goal seek analysis:

attempt to find the value of input necessary to achieve a desired level of output. it uses “backward” solution approach.

e.g:

a DSS solution yield a profit of $2M.what will the necessary sales volume to generate a profit of $2.2M?

2.Data driven DSS:

that helps to extract information from the large quantities of data stored.

It uses following techniques for data analysis:

• online analytical processing(OLAP).
• Data mining.

Data warehouse:

• it is also known as enterprise data warehouse
• it is a technique which are used for controlling and managing the useful data and meaningful result that helps in during the deployment of any system
• different system are deployed in data warehouse such as IT,HR etc
• we must collect or get suitable information from historical data that are previously available in data warehouse which are help in running a correct and accurate system.

Functionalities of MIS and DSS

MIS:

• provides information on monitoring and controlling the business.
• Fixed and regular reports are generated from data kept in TPS.
• Report formats are predefined.
• User is part of the system
• controlled by IT department.

DSS:

• helps in non routine decision making.
• Users are not linked with the structured information flows.
• Greater emphasis on models,display graphic and ad hoc queries.
• DSS is a smart part of user's actions
• directly used by middle level managers.

Data mart:

“data mart is a subset of data warehouse and is usually oriented to a specific business line or team”

explanation:

• different database such as IT,HR sales etc are previously available in data warehouse.
• To get required and meaningful report from historical data that are previously located from these different database we use data mart procedure.

OLTP:

online transaction processing that are used for current data and also used for enabled the old data.

OLAP:

• online analytical processing that are used to access or analysis any report from processing data that makes by using previously available historical data.
• This is also uses data mining when data warehouse are available for readout such report that is not exist in processing before but analysis this report.
• We show OLAP on basis of data mining

data mining:

the process used to extract usable data from larger set of any raw data.

Explanation:

• this is also known as knowledge discovering in data(KDD).
• For future strategies by using or analysis this process that are helpful for analysis the OLAP

steps:

exploration:different database IT,HR etc are exploration or preparation after searching the different data

• then after exploration process, this data are transmission into data mart that are available into data warehouse.

• For exploration of data we search and analysis the subset of report via OLAP by using data mining.

Model building validation:

for model selection, to present the report and to apply the pattern via data mining for evaluate the previous results and also re comment the model for further future.

Deployment:

for final deployment ,to evaluate the result and re comment for future facilities.

Types of model in DSS:

1-physical model:

• we show physical structure of your outcome.
• We create a skeleton or draw a sample of any system/project so we understand all properties of that system in which we work on that system.

2-narrative model:

you just elaborate all the facilities verbally without showing any physical strcture that helps in knowning the end results.

3-graphical model:

using the different graphes,pictures and shapes of your project and also draw a specific ER diagram on your project so you can understand or elaborte your project in such a better way.

4-mathematical model:

• in this model we different types of statistics or mathematical equations that helpes in evaluating or elaborating in reasoning the end results.
• They are also probably useful in better understanding for different clients.